مجله فرهنگ و ارتقای سلامت (فرهنگستان علوم پزشکی جمهوری اسلامی ایران)
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار 1402)

Health is the cornerstone for development of any country. Holistic health promotion is possible with knowledge-based and value-oriented efforts by considering the health resistance economy. In this statement, seven strategies, requirements and actions of each strategy are stated regarding curbing inflation and production growth in the field of health.

There has been a remarkable rise in medical research activities during last 40 years in Iran, and the world ranking in production of Iranian medical documents has improved from 54 to 15 in 2022. The aim of this review is to summarize research activities during last 40 years and project important factors for emergence of Iranian medical research in the coming years.

Related articles were sought from Iran Doc Engine and appropriate parts of three editions of the book “Health in the Islamic Republic of Iran” were reviewed.

Between 1980-2000, there was a remarkable rise in the number of universities of medical sciences and related schools. The number of students, both undergraduate and postgraduate, including PhD courses and residency programs increased. Many clinical subspecialty programs were initiated in various clinical fields. Research centers and institutes were developed in many universities. Between 2001-2020, there was an extraordinary increase in number of yearly published medical articles. Number of citations to Iranian articles also increased.

In the last 40 years, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been able to provide the infrastructure and human resources needed for medical research. Employing qualified human resources and translating their knowledge, formulating policies and effective planning for innovation, creativity and technologies needed to solve social, economic, cultural and health problems of society and achieving scientific authority requires strong national determination and revolutionary transformation in the coming decades.

Despite the fact that over three years have passed since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, it still remains a significant public health concern in Iran and around the world. It is important to acknowledge that the current situation does not signify an end to the epidemic, and measures must be taken across various levels of prevention, treatment, and policy to effectively manage this crisis. This paper analyzes Iran's response to the epidemic, evaluating the country's performance in areas such as surveillance and healthcare systems, diagnostic testing, long-term Covid-19 complications, vaccinations, treatment, and monitoring of variants. Recommendations are also provided for decision-makers in the field of health and Covid-19.

Despite the importance of exercise in strengthening the immune system, students may not want to exercise in schools due to concerns about coronavirus. The health of the sports field has a positive effect on student participation in physical education lessons, therefore the purpose of this research was to identify health indicators in the holding of physical education lessons in schools in person during the COVID-19 epidemics.

The research method was qualitative type of thematic analysis. The study population were academic and executive experts related to the subject, who were selected purposefully. The research tool was an unstructured interview, and the process of conducting interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. To analyze the text of the interviews, the Clark and Braun (2006) approach of theme analysis method was used.

Using theme analysis, 57 final codes were identified in 13 concepts and 4 categories (indicators related to personal health, indicators related to public health, indicators related to management issues, and indicators related to physical education class) were classified.

Providing health conditions for holding physical education classes in schools requires efforts of students, physical education teachers, health experts, school executive staff and trustee organizations in the field of observing and providing personal hygiene. Public health, sports field health, and the organization of physical education classes are based on the special conditions of the epidemic so that the possibility of viral spread of COVID-19 is minimized and students engage in sports activities with more assurance.

Measuring the performance of the Primary Health Care (PHC) system is the first vital step to identify areas for reforms. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of application of a PHC performance monitoring process model in selected centers of Markazi Province.

This research was a qualitative applied study. The evidence related to measuring the performance of primary health care was extracted by conducting an extensive review of the literature. Subsequently, the primary health care monitoring model was designed with a semi-structured interview through open questions with the consensus of experts. The proposed model was evaluated before and after implementation.

The seven-phase primary health care performance monitoring process model was designed and used on the web. This model has a reporting dashboard for management decision-making.

In view of the fact that the common methods of monitoring health care centers in medical sciences universities of the country do not follow the scientific model, it is necessary to determine the various dimensions in this regard, and to examine their status in order to recognize weaknesses and strengths and take action to make this important management process more effective.

The role and importance of personal health education from childhood in schools and Particulary in the special conditions of disease outbreak is of dual importance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to validate personal hygiene education in elementary schools in the conditions of COVID-19 outbreak.

The current research was a mixed type of study (quantitative-qualitative). The statistical population included all healthcare workers and primary teachers in the academic year of 2019-2020 in Khomeini Shahr. Sixteen people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and up to the theoretical saturation of the sample size. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.97. Qualitative theme analysis, theme network drawing and conceptual model were performed with MAXQDA10 software. In the quantitative part, the coefficient of agreement (CVR) was used for validation.

Thirty-four topics were extracted in three areas: methods of personal health education, subject and content of personal health education, and goals of personal health education. Twelve topics were in the field of effective direct and indirect methods of personal health education in elementary school. Eleven themes were extracted in the field of the topic and content of personal health education, living environment, individual, clothes, body, hands, eyes, hair, mouth and teeth, prevention of diseases and training of physical sports. Out of the 34 topics, 11 topics were related to personal health education goals. Also, validation results of Lavshe's agreement-meter (CVR) confirmed all the main themes above 0.49.

The designed model can be a guide for teachers and healthcare workers of primary schools in providing more effective personal health education to students.

Family Physicians need to have necessary abilities and skills to fulfill health-related responsibilities. The purpose of this article is to introduce those skills and analyze the general medicine curriculum in terms of those skills.

This study was conducted using mixed methods. Initially, national and international articles and in some cases the websites of universities or organizations related to health and family physician education were searched in a targeted manner. A list of skills was extracted by categorizing and analyzing the collected materials. In the next step, the list of skills was reviewed and revised in eight group discussion sessions. Finally, the current general medicine curriculum was examined and analyzed from the family doctor’s perspective.

The expected knowledge and skills of general practitioners as family medicine team managers were categorized and presented in six major areas and 63 sub-areas. The major areas include public health, essential clinical skills, procedures, medical information technology, Islamic spirituality, ethics and law, and soft skills. A total of 26 practical studies and 25 Lectures were offered.

The current general medicine curriculum was analyzed in six major areas and and important neglected areas were revealed. It is necessary to pay attention to these areas and plan to remove educational barriers and provide the necessary infrastructure.

The role of pharmacists in pharmacies has evolved from drug dispensers to more specialized tasks. The general purpose of this article is to analyze and investigate pharmacist intervention in controlling symptoms of outpatients suffering from common acute upper respiratory disease via prescription of non-prescription drugs according to the pharmaceutical rules and regulations in the health sector.

This is a clinical trial that was conducted on patients with one of the diseases of common cold, flu, acute rhino-sinusitis, laryngitis, or allergic rhinitis in community pharmacies with acute symptoms. The first group underwent diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) interventions by a pharmacist based on non-pharmacological treatment or, if necessary, non-prescription drugs. The second group received over-the-counter medicine based on their own request and without the pharmacist theranostic approach. Patient symptoms were evaluated before initiation of monitoring and then one week later.

The results of the difference in average scores of 100 patients in five diseases for the intervention and non-intervention subgroups were 23.30 and 14.45 for common colds, 20.00 and 13.35 for influenza, 11.40 and 7.15 for allergic rhinitis, 15.00 and 14.00 for laryngitis, and 30.00 and 23.00 for sinusitis, respectively. The difference in clinical improvement scores in all diseases was significantly higher in the pharmacist intervention subgroup, except for patients with laryngitis, where no significant difference was observed between the two subgroups.

Pharmacists have the potential to control the symptoms of patients with common upper respiratory tract disease. Using this capacity in primary care can improve minor ailments.

Health literacy is one of the most important indicators that can affect the status and severity of health-oriented behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate factors related to health literacy.

This research studied 385 people aged 18 to 65 years in Shiraz in southern Iran by survey method and using cluster sampling. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and descriptive statistics and statistical tests comparing means (t and f), Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression.

Bivariate analysis showed that with health literacy is directly related to increasing age, number of years of education, and income. These analyses also showed that marital status, employment status, ethnicity, and class affiliation have a statistically significant relationship with health literacy. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the variables of number of years of education, religion, and status of employment (housewife) have a significant effect on the health literacy of respondents.

Adolescents, housewives, and religious minorities can be considered vulnerable groups that should be given special attention in programs and policies related to promoting health literacy.

Fertility in the country has reached below the replacement level, which has attracted the attention of politicians. Ideal fertility can predict actual fertility. Achieving ideal fertility can increase the current level of fertility. Marital satisfaction is one of the important determinants of fertility. The present study endeavors to investigate the effect of marital satisfaction on ideal fertility.

The present study was conducted quantitatively with the survey method. For this purpose, 379 married women aged 15 to 49 living in the suburbs of Bandar Abbas were surveyed. Sampling was performed by multi-stage cluster method. A questionnaire was used to collect data.

Women's marital satisfaction and the ideal number of children had a positive and significant correlation. The increase in the duration of marriage was correlated with the increase in the ideal number of children. The difference in the average ideal number of children by the education level of women was significant. The average ideal number of children of Sunni women was more than that of Shia women and women belonging to Fars, Lor, Turk and Arab ethnicities were less than women of other ethnicities. The results of multivariate regression showed that the increase in women’s marital satisfaction leads to an increase in the ideal number of children.

Planning to increase marital satisfaction of couples can help to achieve ideal fertility. Ideal fertility research can mean increasing the current level of total fertility in the country. Therefore, in the new population policies, along with encouraging policies to increase fertility, serious attention should also be paid to the family, spouse relationships and marital satisfaction.

Since achieving stable economic growth is considered one of the important economic goals of every country and money laundering as a negative factor has a destructive role on economic instability, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of money laundering on the health of economic growth in Iran.

In the present study, a self-explanatory model with ARDL distribution intervals was used to investigate the relationship between the money laundering variable and economic growth in Iran during the period of 1986-2019. The information and statistics required in this study are obtained from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Statistics Center websites. Additionallt, the amount of drug discovery was used as a money laundering structure and the percentage of changes in GDP was used as an indicator of economic growth.

The findings of the estimation show that there is a significant relationship between the independent variables of the model and the dependent variable of economic growth. This means that there is a negative and significant relationship between the independent variable of money laundering and the dependent variable of economic growth.

Conclusively, the result of this study indicated that the increase in money laundering has a negative effect on the macroeconomic performance, so that its expansion reduces the GDP. This means that the more dirty money is laundered through smuggling, the greater will be the negative impact on positive economic growth.

Internet of Medical Things is a revolution in health care that can be used in various medical fields, including patient monitoring, remote patient care system, emergency warning system, fitness programs, chronic diseases, and elderly care. Taking advantage of this technology brings many challenges along with opportunities. Hence, the development of the Internet of Things in the country is a strategic issue, and therefore the purpose of this research is to provide a strategic plan for the secure development of the Internet of Things in the health sector.

The current research is of an applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) and the qualitative data of this research has been collected from the study of scientific research sources and studies. The strategies were compiled using the ITU method and a panel of experts. The statistical population of this research includes 25 experts in the field of health familiar with the Internet of Things technology, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method and the snowball technique until reaching theoretical saturation.

In this research, 5 goals, 12 macro policies and 8 basic strategies were compiled to achieve the vision and goals.

The result of this research was reaching a strategic plan for the secure development of the Internet of Things in the health Sector, including principles and values, goals, macro policies and basic strategies with the perspective of "better health, more care, lower cost with the Internet of Medical Things".

Although e-health is a global phenomenon, but many countries around the world are still in the early stages of using e-health. The aim of this study was to provide a framework of strategic electronic health plan for the country.

The type of study is a qualitative-applied and the research community included the existing strategic plan and the frameworks provided by international organizations such as the World Health Organization, and ITU; and also, the country's top-level and strategic documents.
To obtain the proposed framework of the country's e-health strategic plan, which includes vision, dimensions; components; and indicators through data grounded theory; reviewing literature; and questioning of fifteen experts who had important responsibilities at the level of senior managers of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The questioning was performed two times: first through brainstorming to study their views on the vision of the eHealth strategic plan, and then using an open-ended questionnaire to collect their opinions about the subsets of the strategic plan, including dimensions; components; indicators.

Iran's e-health strategic plan should include three areas of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. It seems that the most appropriate duration of the plan is five years. Formation of a surveillance committee with three working groups: strategic, stakeholder representatives, as well as consultants and experts with the specified tasks will ensure the success and continuity of the e-health strategic plan in the country.

Determining the e-health strategic plan for the country is one of the main necessities of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in order to reduce the financial burden of providing public health, especially by spreading the culture of self-care and health literacy, to make effective progress in achieving health justice.

The causative virus of Covid-19 is from the family of corona viruses, which causes acute respiratory distress syndrome. The virus that causes Covid-19 is structurally similar to the viruses that cause SARS and MERS diseases, and for this reason, this virus has been called SARS-CoV in scientific circles. This virus uses a special receptor that other corona viruses use for pathogenicity and infection.

In this research, the structure and functional characteristics of virus proteins were investigated using a systematic review method and selection of authentic and up-to-date articles from literature.

Four types of proteins play an important role in this virus: Spike protein, which plays an important role in the overall structure of the virus, and its presence on the surface of the virus creates a crown-like appearance in the virus; Envelope protein that causes pathogenicity and causes infection. Nucleocapsid protein and the Membrane protein, which in addition to playing a role in the structure of the virus, have an effect on increasing infection and also altering the cell cycle. Mutations of this virus have been reported in different parts of the world based on the phylogenetic network and geographic locations of the virus. These mutations sometimes give rise to new strains around the world, which include different types of mutations such as deletions and substitutions. In addition to the mentioned cases, the body's reaction to this virus is very important when it causes an infection, because in some cases, the association of stress with viral infection causes severe inflammatory responses and even autoimmune responses.

The different structures and functions of viral proteins in different variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus play an important role in the severity of symptoms of patients with Covid-19. Therefore, acknowledging these genetic variations is very important in designing and making vaccines and treating patients with Covid-19.

Based on the divine worldview, the current world system is not eternal. Also, the human spirit is immaterial and is not destroyed by the death of the mortal body. This fact is clearly explained by Zayn-al-Abidin (a) in the Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya. All aspects of human health, including physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual, have been emphasized in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya; However, similar to the Quran, governance is always ascribed to the spiritual aspect of health.

The method of this article is a library and Ijtihad method, with a direct and methodical study of Sahifa Al- Sajjadiyya, in an attempt to obtain valuable resources about spiritual health in the field of action, which is the result of remembering death and resurrection. Contents have been explained with rational and narrative reasoning, referring to verses and traditions, and using interpretations of Sahifa and other religious texts.

Some of the effects of remembrance of death and resurrection on spiritual health in the field of action, from the perspective of the Al-Sahifa Al- Sajjadiyya, include: thinking of repentance and good fate, having a good life and a good death, taking advantage of the insignificant world for the sake of God, resistance and steadfastness, staying awake at night and being alone with the beloved God, going along with the poor, avoiding neglect, becoming a true human being, being close to the Qur'an, purity of heart and good name, and piety.

Remembrance of death and resurrection leads to changes in internal and external human behavior and improves his spiritual health. The findings of this research are unique to Sahifa Al- Sajjadiyya, and its literature is significantly different from similar findings in other sources.